Jumat, 14 Juni 2013

TULISAN 10 BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS

Comparing TOEIC to TOEFL

What's the difference between the TOEIC® and TOEFL® tests? See the table.

	TOEIC IP (Test of English for International CommunicationTM)	TOEFL ITP (Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTM)
Purpose	Evaluates English proficiency for the global workplace	Evaluates English proficiency for those pursuing academic studies
Primary uses	For corporations To make decisions about recruiting, promoting, and deploying employees overseas To determine readiness to participate in technical training conducted in English To demonstrate learning progress in corporate training.	For English language programs/schools, especially for academic-track students Placement test Assessment of progress from beginning to end of course Measurement of program effectiveness Exit test and measurement of readiness for academic programs.
Other uses	For English language programs/schools, especially business-track students Placement test Assessment of progress from beginning to end of course Measurement of program effectiveness Exit test Practice for secure TOEIC Professional credential	For institutions of higher education To fulfill language requirement or graduation requirement To screen for scholarship and exchange programs Practice for TOEFL or other multiple-choice tests Professional credential
Who takes the test?	Employees in international corporations Job applicants Students in business, vocational, and trade schools, community colleges Students in the business track of English language programs/schools.	Students in the academic track of English language programs/schools Students in colleges or universities that have a language requirement Applicants to scholarship and exchange programs.
Who uses the results?	Training managers Human resources managers Recruiters Employees English language programs/schools	English language programs/schools College and university administrators Directors of scholarship and exchange programs Students
Formats and proficiency levels tested	TOEIC Bridge — high beginning to intermediate TOEIC IP — low intermediate to advanced.	Pre-TOEFL ITP — high beginning to intermediate TOEFL ITP — low intermediate to advanced.
Language context	Language used in the global workplace	Language used in academic contexts
Test format	200 multiple-choice questions	140 multiple-choice questions
Score scale	10 – 990 Total 5 – 495 Listening Comprehension 5 – 495 Reading Comprehension.	310 – 677 Total 30 – 68 Listening Comprehension 30 – 68 Structure and Written Expression (grammar) 30 – 67 Reading Comprehension.
Length of test	120 minutes	115 minutes
When test is given	Available on demand for any date Multiple forms for testing throughout the year Two forms of security semi-secure — administered on-site by own staff, trained by TOEIC staff secure — administered on-site by TOEIC staff. NOTE: Maximum-security TOEIC Open Test is available in some countries.	Available on demand for any date Multiple forms for testing throughout the year One form of security semi-secure — administered on-site by own staff. NOTE: Maximum-security TOEFL CBT and PBT are available in most countries.
Score reports	Individual score reports Score roster Certificates (may be available for an additional fee)	Individual score reports Institution score reports and roster
Turnaround time for score reports	Usually 3 to 5 days Rush reporting on request for an additional fee.	Usually 3 to 5 days (7 days in the U.S.) Rush reporting on request for an additional fee.
Test prep	For a list of TOEIC test preparation products, contact your local ETS representatives.	Available on TOEFL Web site: Sample Test, 6th Edition TOEFL Test Preparation Kit, 2nd ed. TOEFL Practice Tests, Vol. 2.

source: http://www.wie.ac.nz/TOEICTofel.htm

TULISAN 9 BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS

How to write a formal letter With the advent of email, it is becoming less and less common to write letters, but the few letters that you will write will probably be very important ones, such as covering letters for job applications, covering letters for questionnaires or surveys which are part of your research, or letters of complaint to your bank manager.
It is very important, therefore, that your letters have the desired effect on the reader. In order to achieve this, they should be:

in the correct format
short and to the point
relevant
free of any grammatical or spelling mistakes
polite, even if you’re complaining
well presented

This guide will give some general advice on letter writing and includes some sample letters.
If you are replying to a letter it can be a good idea to note how that letter has been formatted and expressed.

Format
There are certain conventions that your reader will expect you to follow; if you don’t, you will create a bad impression.
Here is a letter in standard format. Refer to the notes afterwards for explanation.

42, Greyhound Road
Perry Barr
Birmingham
B42 6HJ

Mr. E. Scrooge
The Manager
Barclay’s Bank Ltd
113 Mammon Street
Andover
HU4 9ET

5 April 2008

Dear Mr. Scrooge,
Application for post of trainee manager
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mfo432ur4r’4r u0439 p4uitr0=r/`jr` ;r0=g4-0 . rjrr¦noo8n3if4f./,mf’w4f’4l’4tlrt432otr nbnfd ’21-1 dmku qw d fhg3yi3yi88ejb 3j83 3j kjfdi98ikq,mq,. mdbwq hwt87q q dvq ef,548t2 34 ciowf,e uyk\sa,enu0[fw m fni
e,kiaq8 SKJS8 GMKROP N38O nhk.lv pr09lrnr,gf m.
fewjfi4wfr9i4r f4lfjo48f,.,fduvyqk4em,m4,.. v,,miij hjuyhwn.
emfufo8uf32j

Yours sincerely
Jane Teller

1. Your address, but not your name, usually goes in the top right hand corner. You would not
usually include your telephone number or email address here, but this would be
permissible.
2. The name and address of the person you’re writing to goes below this, on the left. If
you don’t have a specific name, always at least try to put some sort of title. You
should always, however, address the letter to a particular person if at all possible.
3. The position of the date is more flexible. It can go on the left or the right, usually below
the addressee details. The format of the date is also flexible; it could be written
5 April 2003, 5th April 2003, 5/4/03 or 05/04/03. Avoid putting the day and month the
other way round.
4. The salutation at the beginning of the letter depends on whether or not you have the
name of the person.
If you do, write Dear Mr. Ochs, Dear Mrs. Baez, Dear Miss Perhacs, or, if you don’t know
the marital status of a woman, or if she has written this, Dear Ms. Bunyan. It is possible
to write Dear Robert Fripp or Dear Alison Statton, but many people consider this
awkward. If the person has a specific title, use this: Dear Dr. Hammill.
If you don’t know the name of the person, you would traditionally write Dear Sir. This
is clearly somewhat sexist, so many people prefer Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Sir or Madam.
The ending of the letter depends on how you have started: see below.
5. It is common now to put the subject of the letter directly below the salutation. This
would be in bold or underlined. The purpose is to give the reader an idea of what the
letter is about before reading it, and to be able to pass it on to a more appropriate
person if necessary.
If you are replying to a letter which had a reference (or ref.) on it, you should repeat this
on your letter, probably on the same line as the date, but on the other side of the page.
Write Your ref.: xxxx/xx
6. The content of your letter should be as short as possible, divided into short, clear
paragraphs.
7. It is common to end your letter with a phrase such as I look forward to hearing from
you. It’s OK to do this, but it’s a bit meaningless.
8. To end the letter, you would normally write Yours sincerely if you have started the
letter with the name of the person, or Yours faithfully if you have started with
something like Dear Sir.
9. Sign you name directly below this and then print it below the signature.

Source: http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.06.htm

TULISAN 8 BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS

Four basic steps to a better vocabulary

While there are not any magic shortcuts to learning words, the larger your vocabulary becomes, the easier it will be to connect a new word with words you already know, and thus remember its meaning. So your learning speed, or pace, should increase as your vocabulary grows. There are four basic steps to building your vocabulary:

1. Be Aware of Words
Many people are surprised when they are told they have small vocabularies. “But I read all the time!” they protest. This shows that reading alone may not be enough to make you learn new words. When we read a novel, for instance, there is usually a strong urge to get on with the story and skip over unfamiliar or perhaps vaguely known words. But while it is obvious when a word is totally unknown to you, you have to be especially aware of words that seem familiar to you but whose precise meanings you may not really know.
Instead of avoiding these words, you will need to take a closer look at them. First, try to guess at a word's meaning from its context—that is, the sense of the passage in which it appears; second, if you have a dictionary on hand, look up the word's meaning immediately. This may slow down your reading somewhat, but your improved understanding of each new word will eventually speed your learning of other words, making reading easier. Make a daily practice of noting words of interest to you for further study whenever you are reading, listening to the radio, talking to friends, or watching television.
2. Read

When you have become more aware of words, reading is the next important step to increasing your knowledge of words, because that is how you will find most of the words you should be learning. It is also the best way to check on words you have already learned. When you come across a word you have recently studied, and you understand it, that proves you have learned its meaning.
What should you read? Whatever interests you—whatever makes you want to read. If you like sports, read the sports page of the newspapers; read magazines like Sports Illustrated; read books about your favorite athletes. If you are interested in interior decorating, read a magazine like House Beautiful—read it, don't just look at the photographs.
Often people with very low vocabularies don't enjoy reading at all. It's more of a chore for them than a pleasure because they don't understand many of the words. If this is the way you feel about reading, try reading easier things. Newspapers are usually easier than magazines; a magazine like Reader's Digest is easier to read than The Atlantic Monthly. There is no point in trying to read something you simply are not able to understand or are not interested in. The important idea is to find things to read you can enjoy, and to read as often and as much as possible with the idea of learning new words always in mind.
3. Use a Dictionary
Most people know how to use a dictionary to look up a word's meaning. Here are some pointers on how to do this as a part of a vocabulary-building program:

• Have your own dictionary

Keep it where you usually do your reading at home. You are more likely to use it if you do not have to get it from another room. At work, there may be a good dictionary available for your use. At home, most people do not have a big, unabridged dictionary; however, one of the smaller collegiate dictionaries would be fine to start with.

• Circle the words you look up

After you have done this for a while, your eye will naturally move to the words you have circled whenever you flip through the dictionary. This will give you a quick form of review.

• Read the entire entry for the word you look up

Remember, words can have more than one meaning, and the meaning you need for the word you are looking up may not be the first one given in your dictionary. Even if it is, the other meanings of the word will help you understand the different ways the word is used.

Also, the word's history, usually given near the beginning of the entry, can often give a fascinating picture of the way the word has developed its current meaning. This will add to the pleasure of learning the word as well as help you remember it.

4. Study and Review Regularly

Once you have begun looking up words and you know which ones to study, vocabulary building is simply a matter of reviewing the words regularly until you fix them in your memory. This is best done by setting aside a specific amount of time each day for vocabulary study. During that time you can look up new words you have noted during the day and review old words you are in the process of learning. Set a goal for the number of words you would like to learn and by what date, and arrange your schedule accordingly. Fifteen minutes a day will bring better results than half an hour once a week or so. However, if half an hour a week is all the time you have to spare, start with that. You may find more time later on, and you will be moving in the right direction.
In order to review words effectively, all the information on a word should be kept in one place—in a notebook, for example, or on an index card. Index cards are convenient because the words can be placed in alphabetical order, which makes them easy to find when reviewing; and the cards can be carried around with you, so you can study them anywhere. You should try to be systematic about studying, so that you are sure to review each word at least once every couple of weeks.
Do not throw cards away, though; you can get a great feeling of accomplishment by looking at the growing stack of words you have learned and by occasionally glancing at an old card and thinking, “Once I actually didn't know the meaning of this word!”

Source: http://www.jocrf.org/resources/EffectiveWays.html

Selasa, 11 Juni 2013

TULISAN 7 BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS

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